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Basic aspects of MRI I. Basic aspects of MRI Practical risk factors Radiographers, working with MRI equipment, are exposed to different risks or harms while perfor- ming their duties. These risk factors may be categorized into two main groups: the direct effect of different magnetic field strengths, and the effects of cryogen liquids.

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Introduction Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging MRI has become a major diagnostic imaging mo- The effects of electromagnetic fields dality in a few decades. From current research and development, interventional MRI prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines be highlighted as well as the development of ultra-high field equipment which have a constant magnetic field strength above 7 Tesla.

Static magnetic field B0 This dynamically developing imaging modality is associated with risk factors that underpin the The most important accident prevention aspect of the constant magnetic field focuses on the importance of MRI accident prevention and safety skills and the need for regular training.

Of the biological effects, the most significant risk factors are the induced currents which arise Safety aspects during the MRI examinations when a body is moving in the static magnetic field.

For this reason, if a radiographer goes through this magnetic field, this may should work out their own MRI Safety Regulation that includes standards to ensure the safety of induce an electric current in the body. The speed at which the body moves transit speed may patients, employees and research subjects, and also the MRI diagnostic tests, interventional pro- influence the degree of the induced current.

Regular revision of these rules should be based upon the latest research findings and expert recommen- In practice, stray RF currents around the MRI device are infinitesimally small, thus they do not dations, and it should be followed by an upgrade of test equipment. Similar to the radiology de- tend to be harmful to personnel.

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In addition, it is recommended to document all equipment and Based on the results of current research, these changes are within the physiological range, up to examination related incidents appropriately, taking official regulations into account. Also, when working within 2 to 4 Tesla, radiographers may experience diz- ziness, nausea, a sudden flash of light or a metallic taste in the mouth.

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Based on current research Fundamentally, all radiographers working in MRI are expected to not only have theoretical these phenomena are transient, thus mainly those radiographers experience them who stay inside knowledge of safety aspects and regulations, but they are also expected to be able to apply them the MR room during the examination, for example during interventional and intraoperative MRI.

In the following, working environment In contrast to biological effects, the attracting effect of the magnetic field may cause serious risk factors of MRI employees and related expectations will be reviewed. Basic aspects of MRI displaced or even to fly.

The risk of injury to the patients and radiographers exists, prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines when Contact burn injuries may occur during RF excitation, especially when the skin is in contact a subject moves as a projectile or if the radiographer gets stuck between the ferromagnetic object with metal objects, cables of body coils, ECG electrodes and the inner surface of the magnet.

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The most dangerous area is the so-called control zone In conjunction with the regulations of MR devices imposed by the medical devices directive where the magnetic field is greater than 0. It is practical to mark this boundary visibly on the floor of the examination room. This The constant magnetic field may interact with implants pacemakers, aneurysm clips, neuro- monitoring is based on the Specific Absorption Rate SAR which limits the absorbed energy by stimulators, etc.

Possible displacement of the implant can result in the entire body between 1 Wkg—1 — 4 Wkg—1. Other potential nega- tive effects may be disruption or even destruction of the medical devices themselves.

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In this case as well, stray fields are significantly gens can be found at the top of the magnet, and thus are out of reach for the radiographer.

This largely However, spontaneous or deliberate magnetic quenching should be treated as a source of depends on the employed measuring technique, because the power and speed of the alterna- increased risk for accident. Due to quenching, the static magnetic field's energy is converted ting gradient fields may vary accordingly. Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines main biological effects of the alternating gradient into heat, which causes most of the liquid helium and sodium to condense.

Ideally, this lar- field are peripheral nerve stimulation, muscle stimulation, and acoustic noise.

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The electric circuits ge amount of gas can leave the examination room through the dedicated exhaust pipes. The gaseous or even ventricular fibrillation may occur. The vibrating gradient coils cause substantial noise in the test room.

The potential of this risk In this case, the following adverse effects may occur: factor prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines be significantly affected by the mechanical structure of the MR equipment and the · Asphyxia, since the gases displace oxygen from the test premises time spent in this environment. The noise level depends on the location of the radiographer · Frostbite and hypothermia within the examination room, and it can be as high as 80 dB for the majority of MRI equipments.

The greater the distance, the less she is exposed to electromagnetic fields. One During the examination, the most important adverse effects of the external magnetic field exci- meter around the opening of the MRI device is where the gradient of the static field is at its ting the hydrogen protons are increase in body temperature, as well as burns.

After the RF excita- maximum, so the radiographer should move slowly within this area. Moreover, in general, it is tion, energy transfer occurs that results in a change in body tissue temperature. A 1° C increase in advisable not to stay longer than required in the examination room, in order to minimize expo- core temperature is admissible for a healthy person, but a higher body temperature fluctuation, sure to the electromagnetic fields, and all workers should be made aware of potential adverse especially in cardiovascular disease, can be harmful for the radiographer and the patient.

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Basic terms and terminology be reduced by her staying as far away from the MRI machine and by performing as few tasks in the middle of the magnetic field as possible. Csökkentse a fájdalmat a prosztatával, it is advisable to automate the injection of the contrast media, anesthetics and other medications during the study.

In addition, efforts should be made to ensure that the various control units, anaesthesiology equipment and other instruments are located as far as possible from the MRI unit. The minimum distance largely depends on the Acquisition. Data acquisition takes place between two successive RF excitations during an MRI strength of the radio frequency field and the alternating gradient field.

Generally it can be stated examination.

At the end of a semester a grade may be given in the form of a n : a end-of-semester grade on the basis of mid-term test in both theoretical and practical subjects — solely based on exam performance … by taking into consideration the performance at the exam and mid-term tests. In case the semester grade is established through classroom tests, at least two more opportunities must be provided for re-taking the test. In case the student fails to pass the test even with the retake sthe student may not receive an end-of- semester signature. Completion of the course that requires an exam is verified by a signature in the lecture book.

RF excitation is followed by parahrine fájdalom krónikus prosztatitisben during which the precessing spins transmit that a minimum distance of one meter away from the device is necessary to prevent unwanted their energy, that they acquired during excitation, in the form of RF waves. The RF waves are de- effects of the alternating gradient fields, although it is the safest and most appropriate to observe tected by coils, and then the encoded data are stored in the K-space.

It determines the number of acquisitions during data col- lection. It also determines how many times each line of the K-space will be read out.

Summary Artefact.

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False features in the image produced by the imaging process. The radiographer plays a central role in the exacution of the MRI exam therefore it is important for her to be aware of the regulations of MRI accident prevention and safety, to know these preven- B0.

Conventional notation used to refer to the main or static magnetic field produced by the tive measures and to know how to use them. New knowledge and the theoretical and practical magnet. Trai- ning for and simulating the commonly encountered accident situations with other employees, B1. The echo is the regrowth of the transverse magnetization component that follows after the cease of magnetization during dephasing. Echo time TE.

It is the time between the 90 degree RF pulse and the received signal echo sampling. Decreasing of the phase coherence of the signals in the transverse XY plane.

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Excitation of the hydrogen protons with RF pulses causes some of the protons to get to a higher energy state. Fast spin echo FSE. A commonly used sequence which consists of multiple ° refocusing pulses to produce echoes with different phase encoding steps. In this method, several lines of the K-space is filled with one RF excitation pulse. The echo train determines how many data lines will be read out during an excitation. Phase Encoding.

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Using different phases, the signals from the MR are decoded along one direc- tion of the field. Basic terms and terminology These signals are created by a varying magnetic field prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines in a given slice that we previ- Inversion time.

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It is equal to the time interval between the ° inversion pulse and the sub- ously chose by a slice selective gradient. After the 90 degree RF pulse creates the transverse magnetiza- K-space.

The K-space is the obtained data set mathematical information that results from tion, a temporary MR signal is obtained, which will decrease in the direction of B0. This decreasing data collection, and carries information about contrast centrallyand resolution peripheral. One line of the K-space corresponds to an echo which is collected during one phase encoding step.

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All the information about the images are included in the K-space. This mathematical infor- Flip angle FA. This parameter indicates the angle by which the RF pulse offsets the magnetic mation is transformed into an image using the Fourier transformation. Larmor frequency. The precessional or prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines frequency w0 of a nuclear spin when it is Fourier transformation. It is a mathematical algorithm by which the computer is able to cal- placed in an external magnetic field.

It is related to the magnetic prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma pathology outlines B0. Longitudinal magnetization. The net magnetization along the static magnetic field Mz. FOV Field of View. The size of the test region.

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